What is self according to Thomas Aquinas? This question delves into the profound philosophical inquiries of one of the most influential thinkers in Western history. Thomas Aquinas, a 13th-century Italian priest, philosopher, and theologian, is renowned for his contributions to the fields of philosophy and theology. His exploration of the nature of the self offers a unique perspective on human identity and existence.
Aquinas’s understanding of the self is deeply rooted in his theological beliefs and metaphysical framework. According to Aquinas, the self is not merely a collection of physical attributes or psychological traits but rather an integral part of the divine creation. He argues that the human self is a rational soul, a unique and unrepeatable essence that animates the body and allows individuals to think, reason, and have a sense of self-awareness.
In his Summa Theologica, Aquinas discusses the nature of the human soul and its relationship to the body. He posits that the soul is the form of the body, giving it life and purpose. The soul, according to Aquinas, is eternal and possesses a certain degree of immortality, which distinguishes it from the physical world. This belief is central to his understanding of the self.
One of Aquinas’s key contributions to the discussion of the self is his concept of the “substantial form.” He argues that the substantial form is the essence of a thing, defining its identity and distinguishing it from other entities. In the case of the human self, the substantial form is the rational soul, which is unique to each individual. This rational soul is what makes us distinct from other living beings and allows us to engage in intellectual activities, make moral judgments, and develop a sense of self.
Furthermore, Aquinas emphasizes the importance of free will in understanding the self. He believes that free will is a gift from God, enabling humans to make choices and shape their own destiny. This capacity for free will is integral to the human experience and is a fundamental aspect of the self. By exercising free will, individuals can pursue virtue and live according to their own values, contributing to their moral and spiritual development.
Another significant aspect of Aquinas’s understanding of the self is his emphasis on the relationship between the individual and the divine. He argues that humans are created in the image and likeness of God, which means that we possess a certain degree of divinity within us. This belief implies that the self is not only an individual entity but also a part of a larger, divine order. The pursuit of knowledge, wisdom, and virtue is, therefore, a way for individuals to fulfill their purpose and draw closer to God.
In conclusion, what is self according to Thomas Aquinas is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses the rational soul, free will, and the divine image within each individual. Aquinas’s exploration of the self offers a rich tapestry of ideas that continue to influence contemporary discussions on human identity, ethics, and spirituality. By delving into his philosophical insights, we gain a deeper understanding of the essence of the human self and our place in the world.
