How did Europeans view Native Americans?
The encounter between Europeans and Native Americans during the Age of Discovery was a complex and multifaceted relationship. Initially, European explorers and settlers viewed Native Americans with a mixture of curiosity, fear, and admiration. However, as time went on, these perceptions evolved into a mix of exploitation, admiration, and eventually, a form of condescension and superiority. This article explores the various ways in which Europeans viewed Native Americans during this critical period in history.
In the early stages of European contact, many explorers were fascinated by the rich cultures and sophisticated societies they encountered in the Americas. Christopher Columbus, for instance, described the Native Americans he met as “a very friendly and peaceful people.” This initial perception was influenced by the fact that European explorers often traded with Native Americans, leading to a sense of mutual respect and interdependence.
However, as European colonization expanded, the view of Native Americans began to shift. The arrival of settlers brought with it a desire for land, resources, and wealth. This led to a more pragmatic and often exploitative perspective on Native Americans. European colonists saw Native Americans as obstacles to their expansion and sought to conquer and exploit their resources. This attitude was exemplified by the establishment of colonies and the subsequent displacement of Native American populations.
The Spanish, in particular, were known for their brutal treatment of Native Americans. The encomienda system, a form of labor exploitation, was imposed on Native Americans, forcing them to work on Spanish-owned plantations. This system often resulted in the death and suffering of countless Native Americans. Similarly, the French and English colonies also engaged in the exploitation of Native American labor and resources.
Despite the exploitation, some Europeans held a genuine admiration for Native American cultures and their way of life. This admiration was often rooted in the stark contrast between the European and Native American societies. European travelers and writers frequently praised the Native Americans’ strong sense of community, their deep connection to the land, and their advanced agricultural practices. For example, French explorer Samuel de Champlain was impressed by the Iroquois’ political organization and their ability to manage resources effectively.
The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rise of romanticism, a movement that celebrated the beauty and purity of nature and indigenous cultures. European artists and writers began to romanticize Native Americans, portraying them as noble savages living in harmony with the environment. This romanticized view often overshadowed the harsh realities of European colonization and the devastating impact it had on Native American populations.
As the 19th century progressed, the view of Native Americans began to change once more. With the rise of nationalism and the belief in European superiority, Native Americans were increasingly seen as primitives and obstacles to progress. This perspective was epitomized by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forcibly relocated thousands of Native Americans from their ancestral lands to reservations in the West.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the emergence of a more sympathetic view of Native Americans, as European scholars and anthropologists began to study their cultures and languages. This period marked the beginning of a reevaluation of Native American history and the recognition of their contributions to the development of the United States.
In conclusion, the view of Native Americans by Europeans has evolved significantly over time. From initial admiration and curiosity to exploitation and condescension, and finally to a more nuanced understanding and recognition of their contributions, the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans is a complex and multifaceted one. This evolution reflects the changing priorities and beliefs of European societies throughout history.
